=========
Constants
=========

Physical Constants
==================
+-------------------------------+----------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| elementary charge             |:math:`e` or :math:`q`| :math:`1.602\times10^{-19}` C                   |
+-------------------------------+----------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| Speed of light                |  :math:`c`           | :math:`2.998\times10^{8}` m/s                   |
+-------------------------------+----------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| Boltzmann constant            |  :math:`k`           | :math:`8.617\times10^{-5}` eV⋅K\ :sup:`-1`      |
|                               |                      +-------------------------------------------------+
|                               |                      | :math:`1.381\times10^{-23}` J⋅K\ :sup:`-1`      |
+-------------------------------+----------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
|electric permittivity (vacuum) | :math:`\varepsilon_0`| :math:`8.854\times10^{-12}` F⋅m\ :sup:`-1`      |
|                               +----------------------+                                                 |
|                               | :math:`1/\mu_0c^2`   |                                                 |
+-------------------------------+----------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
|magnetic permeability (vacuum) | :math:`\mu_0`        | :math:`1.256\times10^{-6}` N⋅A\ :sup:`-2`       |
+-------------------------------+----------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| Avogadro constant             |  :math:`N_A`         | :math:`6.022\times10^{23}` mol\ :sup:`-1`       |
+-------------------------------+----------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| Planck constant               |  :math:`h`           | :math:`6.626\times10^{-34}` J⋅s                 |
|                               |                      +-------------------------------------------------+
|                               |                      | :math:`4.136\times10^{-15}` eV⋅s                |
+-------------------------------+----------------------+-------------------------------------------------+

Relative Permittivities
=======================

.. math::
    \kappa = \varepsilon = \varepsilon_r \varepsilon_0

================ =====================
Material         :math:`\varepsilon_r`
================ =====================
Vacuum           1
Air              1.000589
PTFE             2.1
Polystyrene      2.4-2.7
Silicon dioxide  3.9
Silicon nitride  7-8
Silicon          11.68
GaAs             12.4 
================ =====================

Material Band Gaps
==================

.. math::
    E = \frac{hc}{\lambda}

===== ================ ======== =============================
Group Material         Type     Band gap (eV) at 302K
===== ================ ======== =============================
IV    Silicon          Indirect 1.14
IV    Germanium        Indirect 0.67
III-V GaAs             Direct   1.43
===== ================ ======== =============================

EM Radiation Ranges
===================
+--------+---------------+-----------+------------+
| Name   | eV            | nm        | THz        |
+========+===============+===========+============+
| UV-B   | 4.43 - 3.94   | 280 - 315 | 1070 - 952 |
+--------+---------------+-----------+------------+
| UV-A   | 3.94 - 3.26   | 315 - 280 | 952 - 789  |
+--------+---------------+-----------+------------+
| Violet | 3.26 - 2.85   | 380 - 435 | 780 - 689  |
+--------+---------------+-----------+------------+
| Blue   | 2.85 - 2.48   | 435 - 500 | 689 - 600  |
+--------+---------------+-----------+------------+
| Cyan   | 2.48 - 2.38   | 500 - 520 | 600 - 577  |
+--------+---------------+-----------+------------+
| Green  | 2.38 - 2.19   | 520 - 565 | 577 - 531  |
+--------+---------------+-----------+------------+
| Yellow | 2.19 - 2.10   | 565 - 590 | 531 - 508  |
+--------+---------------+-----------+------------+
| Orange | 2.10 - 1.98   | 590 - 625 | 508 - 480  |
+--------+---------------+-----------+------------+
| Red    | 1.98 - 1.59   | 625 - 780 | 480 - 384  |
+--------+---------------+-----------+------------+
| NIR-A  | 1.58 - 0.886  | 780 - 1400| 384 - 214  |
+--------+---------------+-----------+------------+
| NIR-B  |0.886 - 0.413  |1400 - 3000| 214 - 100  |
+--------+---------------+-----------+------------+
| MIR    |0.413 - 0.0248 |3e3 - 50e3 | 100 - 6.0  |
+--------+---------------+-----------+------------+
| FIR    |0.0248 - 0.0012|50e3 - 1e6 | 6.0 - 0.3  |
+--------+---------------+-----------+------------+

Thermal Voltage
===============

.. math::
    V_T = \frac{kT}{q}

.. csv-table::	
	:file: thermal_voltages.csv
	:header: T (K),T (:math:`^oC`), :math:`V_T`